Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Function

clavicular, sternocostal heads

ext. oblique muscle

humerus (lat. lip of intertubercular groove)

(C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

adduct and medially rotate humerus

Pectoralis minor

ribs 3-5

coracoid proc. of scapula

med. pectoral n. (C8, T1)

stabilize scapula

Subclavius

costochondral junction 1

clavicle (inf. surf.)

subclavian nerve (C5, C6)

anchor and depress clavicle

Serratus anterior

ribs 1-8 (lat. ext. surf.)

scapula (ant. surf. of med. border)

long thor. nerve (C5, C6, C7)

protract and rotate scapula

superior, middle, inferior fibers

vert. C7-T12 (spinous proc.)

scapula (spine, acromion)

(CN XI, C3, C4)

sup w/ inf: superiorly rotate scap.

Latissimus dorsi

ribs 9-12

humerus (floor of intertubercular groove)

(C6, C7, C8)

extend, adduct, and medially rotate humerus

Levator scapulae

vert. C1-C4 (post. tub. of trans. proc.)

scapula (sup. part of med. border)

(C3, C4, C5)

tilt glenoid cavity inferiorly

Rhomboid major

vert. T2-T5 (spinous proc.)

scapula (med. border, inf. to spine)

dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5)

retract, rotate, fix scapula

Rhomboid minor

vert. C7-T1 (spinous proc.)

scapula (med. border, sup. to spine)

dorsal scapular n. (C4, C5)

retract, rotate, fix scapula

Deltoid

scapula (acromion, spine)

humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

(C5, C6)

post.: extend, laterally rotate arm

Supraspinatus

scapula (supraspinous fossa)

humerus (sup. facet on gr. tub.)

suprascapular n. (C4, C5, C6)

abduct arm; rotator cuff

Infraspinatus

scapula (infraspinous fossa)

humerus (mid. facet on gr. tub.)

suprascapular n. (C5, C6)

laterally rotate arm; rotator cuff

Teres minor

scapula (sup. part of lat. border)

humerus (inf. facet on gr. tub.)

axillary n. (C5, C6)

laterally rotate arm; rotator cuff

Subscapularis

scapula (subscapular fossa)

humerus (l. tub.)

upper and lower subscapular nn. (C5, C6, C7)

rotator cuff

Teres major

scapula (post. surf. of inf. angle)

humerus (intertubercular groove)

lower subscapular n. (C6, C7)

medially rotate and adduct arm

short, long heads

scapula (supraglenoid tub.)

fascia of forearm

(C5, C6)

supinate and flex forearm

Brachialis

humerus (dist. half of ant. surf.)

ulna (coronoid proc., tuberosity)

musculocutaneous n. (C5, C6)

supinate and flex forearm

Coracobrachialis

scapula (tip of coracoid proc.)

humerus (mid. third of med. surf.)

musculocutaneous n. (C5, C6, C7)

flex and adduct arm

long, lateral, medial heads

humerus (inf. to radial groove)

fascia of forearm

(C6, C7, C8)

long head: steady head of abducted humerus

Anconeus

humerus (lat. epicondoyle)

sup. part of post. surf.)

(C7, C8, T1)

extend forearm, stabilize elbow, adduct ulna in pronation

Pronator teres

ulna (coronoid proc.)

radius (mid. of lat. surf.)

(C6, C7)

pronate and flex forearm

Flexor carpi radialis

humerus (med. epicondoyle)

2nd metacarpal (base)

median n. (C6, C7)

flex and abduct hand

Palmaris longus

humerus (med. epicondoyle)

palmar apo.

(C7, C8)

flex hand, tighten palmar apo.

Flexor carpi ulnaris (2) humeral, ulnar

ulna (olecranon, post. border)

pisiform bone, hamate bone (hook), 5th metacarpal

(C7, C8)

flex and adduct hand

humeroulnar, radial

radius (sup. half of ant. border)

mid. phalanges of fingers (bodies of phalanges)

(C7, C8, T1)

flex mid. phalanges of fingers

Flexor digitorum profundus

ulna and interosseous membrane (med. and ant. surf.)

dist. phalanges of fingers (bases of phalanges)

(C8, T1)

flex dist. phalanges of fingers

Flexor pollicus longus

radius and interosseous membrane (ant. surf.)

dist. phalanx of thumb (base)

(C8, T1)

flex phalanges of thumb

Pronator quadratus

ulna (dist. quarter of ant. surf.)

radius (dist. quarter of ant. surf.)

(C8, T1)

bind radius and ulna

Brachioradialis

humerus (lat. supracondylar ridge)

radius (lat. surf. of dist. end)

radial n. (C5, C6, C7)

flex forearm

Extensor carpi radialis longus

humerus (lat. supracondylar ridge)

2nd metacarpal (base)

(C6, C7)

extend and abduct hand at wrist

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

humerus (lat. epicondoyle)

3rd metacarpal (base)

(C7, C8)

extend and abduct hand at wrist

Extensor digitorum

humerus (lat. epicondoyle)

extensor expansions of fingers

post. interosseous n. (C7, C8)

extend fingers and hand

Extensor digiti minimi

humerus (lat. epicondoyle)

extensor expansion of 5th digit

(C7, C8)

extend digit 5

Extensor carpi ulnaris

ulna (post. border)

5th metacarpal (base)

(C7, C8)

extend and adduct hand at wrist

Supinator

radial collateral and anular lig.

radius (lat., post., ant. surf. of prox. third)

(C5, C6)

supinate forearm by rotating radius anteriorly

Abductor pollicus longus

interosseous membrane

1st metacarpal (base)

(C7, C8)

abduct and extend thumb at carpometacarpal joint

Extensor pollicis brevis

interosseous membrane

proximal phalanx of thumb (base)

(C7, C8)

extend proximal phalanx of thumb

Extensor pollicis longus

interosseous membrane

distal phalanx of thumb (base)

(C7, C8)

extend distal phalanx of thumb

Extensor indicis

interosseous membrane

extensor expansion of index finger

(C7, C8)

extend index finger and hand

Abductor pollicis brevis

scaphoid and trapezium (flexor retinaculum and tub.)

proximal phalanx of thumb (base)

(C8, T1)

abduct and oppose thumb

Flexor pollicis brevis

trapezium (flexor retinaculum and tub.)

proximal phalanx of thumb (base)

(C8, T1)

flex thumb

Opponens pollicis

trapezium (flexor retinaculum and tub.)

1st metacarpal (lat. side)

(C8, T1)

oppose thumb toward palm

oblique, transverse

3rd metacarpal (ant. surf.)

proximal phalanx of thumb (base)

(C8, T1)

adduct thumb toward mid. finger

Abductor digiti minimi (hand)

pisiform

proximal phalanx of 5th digit (base)

(C8, T1)

abduct 5th digit

Flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand)

flexor retinaculum

proximal phalanx of 5th digit (base)

(C8, T1)

flex prox. phalanx of 5th digit

Opponens digiti minimi

flexor retinaculum

5th metacarpal (med. border)

(C8, T1)

oppose 5th digit with thumb

Lumbricals 1 and 2

(lat. 2 tendons)

(lat. sides)

(C8, T1)

flex fingers, extend interphalangeal joints

Lumbricals 3 and 4

(med. 3 tendons)

(lat. sides)

(C8, T1)

flex fingers, extend interphalangeal joints

1-4

metacarpals (adjacent sides)

extensor expansions and proximal phalanges of 2nd–4th digits

(C8, T1)

abduct digits

1-3

(palmar surf.)

extensor expansions and proximal phalanges of 2nd, 4th, 5th digits

(C8, T1)

adduct digits

Psoas major

vert. T12-L5 (sides and discs)

femur (l. trochanter)

v. rami of lumbar nn. (L1, L2, L3)

flex thigh at hip

Tensor fasciae latae

iliac crest (ant. part of ext. lip)

via iliotibial tract

(L4, L5)

extend knee

Sartorius

iliac spine (ant. sup. surf.)

tibia (med. surf.)

femoral n. (L2, L3)

flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh

Rectus femoris

iliac spine (ant. int. surf., groove sup. to acetabulum)

tibial tuberosity via patellar lig.

femoral n. (L2, L3, L4)

Quadriceps femoris

Vastus lateralis

femur (gr trochanter, linea aspera)

patella (base), tibial tuberosity

femoral n. (L2, L3, L4)

extend leg; Quadriceps femoris

Vastus medialis

femur (intertrochanteric line, linea aspera)

tibial tuberosity via patellar lig.

femoral n. (L2, L3, L4)

Quadriceps femoris

Vastus intermedius

femur (ant. and lat. surf.)

patella (base)

femoral n. (L2, L3, L4)

extend leg; Quadriceps femoris

Pectineus

pecten pubis

femur (pectineal line)

femoral n. (L2, L3)

adduct, flex thigh

Adductor longus

pubis (inf. to pubic crest)

femur (linea aspera)

obturator n. (L2, L3, L4)

adduct thigh

Adductor brevis

pubis (inf. ramus)

femur (pectineal line, linea aspera)

obturator n. (L2, L3, L4)

adduct thigh

adductor, hamstring

pubis (ischial tuberosity)

femur (adductor tub.)

hamstring: sciatic n. (L4)

hamstring: extend and adduct thigh

Gracilis

pubis (body, inf. ramus)

tibia (med. surf.)

obturator n. (L2, L3)

flex and medially rotate leg

Obturator externus

pubis (obturator foramen)

femur (trochanteric fossa)

obturator n. (L3, L4)

laterally rotate thigh

Gluteus maximus

ilium (ala, iliac crest, sacrum)

femur (gluteal tuberosity)

inf. gluteal n. (L5, S1, S2)

extend and laterally rotate thigh

Gluteus medius

ilium (ext. surf.)

femur (lat. surf. of gr. trochanter)

sup. gluteal n. (L5, S1)

abduct and medially rotate thigh

Gluteus minimus

ilium (ext. surf.)

femur (ant. surf. of gr. trochanter)

sup. gluteal n. (L5, S1)

abduct and medially rotate thigh

Piriformis

sacrotuberous lig.

femur (sup. border of gr. trochanter)

v. rami of S1, S2

laterally rotate extended thigh

Superior gemellus

pubis (ischial spine)

femur (med. surf. of gr. trochanter)

n. to obturator internus (L5, S1)

same as obturator internus

Inferior gemellus

pubis (ischial tuberosity)

femur (med. surf. of gr. trochanter)

n. to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

same as obturator internus

Quadratus femoris

pubis (ischial tuberosity)

femur (quadrate tub. on intertrochanteric crest)

n. to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

laterally rotate thigh

Tibialis anterior

tibia (lat. condoyle, lat. surf.)

1st metatarsal (base)

(L4, L5)

dorsiflex and invert foot

Extensor hallucis longus

interosseous membrane

distal phalanx of great toe (d. surf.)

(L5, S1)

extend great toe, dorsiflex foot

Extensor digitorum longus

tibia (lat. condoyle), fibula (sup. surf.), interosseous membrane

mid. and dist. phalanges of lat. 4 digits

(L5, S1)

extend lat. 4 digits, dorsiflex foot

Fibularis tertius

interosseous membrane

5th metatarsal (dorsal surf.)

(L5, S1)

dorsiflex and evert foot

Fibularis longus

fibula (head, sup. lat. surf.)

1st metatarsal (base), med. cuneiform

superficial fibular n. (L5, S1, S2)

evert and plantarflex foot

Fibularis brevis

fibula (inf. lat. surf.)

5th metatarsal (lat. tuberosity)

superficial fibular n. (L5, S1, S2)

evert and plantarflex foot

lateral, medial

femur (popliteal surf.)

calcaneus (post. surf.) via tendo calcaneus

(S1, S2)

flex knee joint

Soleus

tibia (soleal line, med. border)

calcaneus (post. surf.) via tendo calcaneus

(S1, S2)

plantarflex foot

Plantaris

femur (inf. lat. supracondylar line)

calcaneus (post. surf.)

tibial n. (S1, S2)

plantaflex foot, flex knee joint

Popliteus

femur (lat condoyle), lat meniscus

tibia (post. surf., sup. to soleal line)

tibial n. (L4, L5, S1)

flex and unlock knee

Flexor hallucis longus

inf. interosseous membrane

dist. phalanx of great toe (base)

(S2, S3)

support longitudinal arch of foot

Flexor digitorum longus

fibula (via apo.)

dist. phalanges of lat. 4 digits (bases)

(S2, S3)

support longitudinal arch of foot

Tibialis posterior

fibula (post. surf.)

2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsal (bases)

(L4, L5)

plantarflex and invert foot

Abductor hallucis

flexor retinaculum, plantar apo.

prox. phalanx of great toe (med. side)

(S2, S3)

abduct and flex great toe

Flexor digitorum brevis

plantar apo., intermuscular septa

mid. phalanges of lat. 4 digits (both sides)

(S2, S3)

flex lat. four digits

Abductor digiti minimi (foot)

plantar apo., intermuscular septa

prox. phalanx of 5th digit (lat. side)

(S2, S3)

abduct and flex 5th digit

Quadratus plantae

calcaneus (plantar surf.)

tendon of flexor digitorum longus

lat. plantar n. (S2, S3)

flex lat. 4 digits

Medial lumbrical

tendons of flexor digitorum longus

tendons of extensor digitorum longus

(S2, S3)

flex lat. 4 digits

(3 muscles)

tendons of flexor digitorum longus

tendons of extensor digitorum longus

(S2, S3)

flex lat. 4 digits

Flexor hallucis brevis

cuboid and lat. cuneiform bones (plantar surf.)

prox. phalanx of great toe

(S1, S2)

flex prox. phalanx of great toe

Adductor hallucis (2) oblique, transverse

metatarsophalangeal joints

prox. phalanx of great toe (lat. base)

(S2, S3)

support trans. arch of foot

Flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)

5th metatarsal (base)

prox. phalanx of 5th digit (base)

superficial branch of lat. plantar n. (S2, S3)

flex prox. phalanx of 5th digit

(3 muscles)

metatarsals 3-5 (base and med. sides)

prox. phalanges of digits 3-5 (med. base)

(S2, S3)

adduct digits 2-4

(4 muscles)

metatarsals 1-5 (adjacent sides)

prox. phalanges of digits 2-4 (lat. sides)

(S2, S3)

abduct digits 2-4

Internal oblique

inguinal lig.

pubis (via conjoint tendon)

1st lumbar n.

support and compress abd. viscera

External oblique

ribs 5-12 (ant. surf.)

linea alba, pubic tub., iliac crest

inf. six thor. nn., subcostal n.

same as internal oblique

Transversus abdominus

costal cartilages 7-12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal lig.

pecten pubis (via conjoint tendon)

1st lumbar n.

support and compress abd. viscera

Rectus abdominus

pubic symphysis, pubic crest

xiphoid, costal cartilages 5-7

inf. six thor. nn.

flex trunk, support abd. viscera

Psoas major

vert. T12-L5 (sides of bodies, discs)

femur (l. trochanter)

(ventral branches of L2, L3, L4)

bi. w/ iliacus: flex trunk

Iliacus

sacrum (ala), sacroiliac lig.

femur (l. trochanter, shaft inf. to l. trochanter), tendon of psoas major

(L2, L3, L4)

see Psoas major

Quadratus lumborum

lumbar vert. (trans. proc.)

iliac crest (int. lip)

ventral branches of T12, L1, L2, L3, L4

extend and laterally flex vertebral column, fix rib 12 on inspiration

Obturator internus

obturator membrane

femur (gr. trochanter)

(L5, S1, S2)

abduct flexed thigh

Scalenus posterior

vert. C4-C6 (trans. proc.)

rib 2 (ext. border)

v. rami of cerv. spinal nn

flex neck laterally, elevate rib 2

Scalenus medius

vert. C2, C7 (trans. proc.)

rib 1 (sup. surf.)

v. rami of cerv. spinal nn

flex neck laterally, elevate rib 1

Mylohyoid

mandible (mylohyoid line)

hyoid bone (raphe and body)

mylohyoid n.

elevate floor of mouth, tongue

Geniohyoid

mandible (inf. mental spine)

hyoid bone (body)

hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

widen pharynx

Stylohyoid

temporal bone (stylohyoid proc.)

hyoid bone (body)

facial n. (CN VII)

elevate and retract hyoid bone

anterior, posterior

temporal bone (mastoid notch)

via intermediate tendon

post.: facial n. (CN VII)

raise and steady hyoid bone

Sternohyoid

clavicle (med. end)

hyoid bone (body)

(C1, C2, C3)

depress hyoid bone after elevated

Sternothyroid

sternum (post. manubrium)

thyroid cartilage (oblique line)

ansa cervicalis (C2, C3)

depress hyoid bone and larynx

Thyrohyoid

thyroid cartilage (oblique line)

hyoid bone (body and gr. horn)

hypoglossal n. (CN XII; C1)

depress hyoid bone, elevate larynx

Omohyoid

scapula (sup. border near notch)

hyoid bone (inf. border)

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)

depress, retract, and steady hyoid

Superior constrictor

madible (post. mylohyoid line)

pharyngeal tubercule

(CN X)

constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing

Middle constrictor

hyoid bone (gr. and l. horns)

pharynx (med. raphe)

(CN X)

constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing

Inferior constrictor

cricoid cartilage (side)

pharynx (med. raphe)

(CN X)

elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Palatopharyngeus

hard palate, palatine aponeurosis

pharynx and esophagus (sides)

(CN X)

elevate pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

Salpingopharyngeus

auditory tube (cartilagenous part)

blends w/ palatopharyngeus

same as palatopharyngeus

same as palatopharyngeus

Stylopharyngeus

temporal bone (styloid proc.)

thyroid cartilage (sup. and post. border)

glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

same as palatopharyngeus

Cricothyroid

cricoid cartilage (ant. lat. part)

thyroid cartilage (inf. margin and horn)

ext. laryngeal n.

stretch and tense vocal fold

Posterior cricoarytenoid

cricoid cartilage (post. laminae)

arytenoid cartilage (muscular proc.)

recurrent laryngeal n.

abduct vocal fold

Lateral cricoarytenoid

cricoid cartilage (arch)

arytenoid cartilage (muscular proc.)

recurrent laryngeal n.

adduct vocal fold

Thyroarytenoid

thyroid cartilage (post. surf.)

arytenoid opening (anterolateral surf.)

recurrent laryngeal n.

relax vocal fold

Transverse and Oblique arytenoids

an arytenoid cartilage

opp. arytenoid cartilage

recurrent laryngeal n.

close laryngeal aditus by joining arytenoid cartilages

Vocalis

thyroid cartilage (btw. laminae)

arytenoid cartilage (vocal proc.)

recurrent laryngeal n.

alter vocal fold during phonation

capitis, cervicis portions

vert. T1-T6 (spinous proc.)

cervicis: vert. C1-C4 (spinous proc.)

d. rami of inf. cerv. nn.

bi.: extend head and neck

Iliocostalis (lateral), Longissimus (middle), Spinalis (medial)

iliac crest (post. surface), sacrum (post. surface and spinous proc.), sacroiliac lig.

sup. thor. vert. (spinous proc.)

d. ramus of spinal nn.

bi.: extend head and spine

thoracis and cervicis, capitis

vert. T1-T6 (trans. proc.)

occipital bone (area btw. sup. and inf. nuchal lines)

d. rami of cerv. spinal nn.

capitis, bi.: extend head

Multifidus

vert. C2-S4 (arch)

vert. C2-S4 (spinous proc., 1-3 vert. sup. to origin)

d. rami of cerv. spinal nn.

bi.: extend trunk, stabilize vert.

Rotatores

all vert. (trans. proc., one vert. inf. to insertion)

all vert. (base of spinous proc.)

d. rami of spinal nn.

stabilize vert.

Interspinales

cerv. vert. (trans. proc., one vert. inf. to insertion)

all vert. (spinous proc.)

d. rami of cerv. spinal nn.

extend vert. column

Intertransversarius

cerv. vert. (trans. proc., one vert. inf. to insertion)

all vert. (spinous proc.)

v. and d. rami of cerv. spinal nn.

bi.: extend vert. column

Levator costarum

thor. vert. (trans. proc.)

rib inf. to origin (btw. tub. and angle)

lat. d. rami of spinal nn.

raise ribs during inspiration

major, minor

vert. C1 (post. tub. on post. arch)

occipital bone (inf. nuchal line)

d. ramus of C1 n.

bi.: extend head

superior, inferior

vert. C2 (lat. spinous proc.)

vert. C1 (inf. trans. proc.)

d. ramus of C1 n.

inf.: laterally flex head via C1

External anal sphincter

coccyx, anococcygeal lig., perineal body

pernieal muscle, puborectalis muscle

perineal branch of S4

close anal canal and anus

Innervation

Function

Semitendinous

ischium (tub.)

tibia (sup. med. surf.)

(L5, S1, S2)

flex and laterally rotate leg

Semimembranous

ischium (tub.)

tibia (med. condyle)

same as semitendinous

same as semitendinous

long, short heads

femur (linea aspera, lat. supracondylar line)

fibula (lat. head)

(L5, S1, S2)

both: flex and laterally rotate leg