• posterior lateral nasal – branch of the facial artery, supplies the anterior parts of the nasal mucosa
• posterior septal – branch of the superior labial artery that supplies the lower part of the nasal septum.
• maxillary – from the external carotid
• greater palatine – branch of maxillary; chief blood supply to the palate, supplies the nasal septum
• sphenopalatine – branch of maxillary; supplies most of nasal mucosa; enters through sphenopalatine foramen

• paratonsillar – external palatine vein, large vein, descends from the soft palate to enter the pharyngeal plexus of veins.
• deep lingual–principal vv of tongue; run posterior from tip on median plane, meet dorsal lingual vein and terminate at internal jugular vein

• olfactory area – the superior 1/3 of the nasal mucosa, sniffing draws air into the olfactory area
• anterior ethmoidal (CN V₁) – supplies the anterior portion of the nasal septum
• nasopalatine (CN V₂) – chief sensory supply the inferior 2/3 of the mucous membrane of the nasal septum
• infraorbital (CN V₂) – goes through infraorbital foramen of maxilla; supplies upper incisors, canine and premolars, upper gums, inferior eyelid and conjunctiva, part of nose, and the superior lip
• greater palatine (CN V₂) – branch of the pteryogopalatine ganglion, supplies sensory innervation to the gingivae, mucous membranes and glands of the hard palate, and also the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
• pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion – a small parasympathetic ganglion in the upper part of the pterygopalatine fossa whose postsynaptic fibers supply the lacrimal and nasal glands. (CN VII via the greater petrosal nerve)
• nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) – contains motor and symp roots of pterygopalatine ganglion; formed in foramen lacerum by union of greater and deep petrosal nn; runs through pterygoid canal to pterygopalatine fossa
• maxillary (CN V₂) – passes from trigeminal ganglion through foramen rotundum into pterygopalatine fossa; ganglionic branches to pterygopalatine ganglion; gives off zygomatic nerve then enters orbit, where it is called infraorbital neve
• glossopharyngeal (CN IX) – general and special (taste) sensation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
• mandibular (CN V₃) – formed by the union of sensory fibers from trigeminal ganglion and motor root in foramen ovale, through which the nerve emerges branches: meningeal, masseteric, deep temporal, lat.andmed. pterygoid, buccal, auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferioralveolar
• otic ganglion – an autonomic ganglion situated below the foramen ovale medial to the mandibular nerve; its postganglionic, parasympathetic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland; CN IX via lesser petrosal
• lingual (CN V₃) – sensory nerve of anterior 2/3 of tongue (taste for anterior 2/3 is provided by CN VII through chorda tympani)
• submandibular ganglion–parasymp.fibers from chorda tympani synapse here; innervates submandib. and subling. glands
• hypoglossal (CN XII) – motor nerve of the tongue

• maxilla – paired bones of the face between the eyes and mouth.
• palatine process – forms the hard palate
• Incisive foramen – a shallow concavity overlaying the roots of the incisor teeth just inferior to the nasal cavity
• frontal process – the portion of the maxilla that articulates with the frontal and nasal bones
• sinus – largest pair of sinuses; may take up the entire bodies of the maxilla; drain into the middle meatus via the hiatus semilunaris; innervated by the alveolar nerves
• sinus ostium – opening to the sinus
• infraorbital canal – transmits the infraorbital nerve and vessels
• palatine – L-shaped paired bones that form the posterior hard palate and part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity
• horizontal plate – forms the posterior hard palate, separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
• greater palatine foramen – an opening in the posterolateral corner of the hard palate opposite the last molar tooth, marking the lower end of the pterygopalatine canal
• greater palatine canal – canals formed between maxilla and palatine bones; transmits palatine artery and greater palatine n
• lesser palatine foramen – openings on the hard palate of palatine canals passing vertically through the tuberosity of the palatine bone and transmitting the smaller palatine nerves and vessels
• perpendicular (vertical) plate – the part of the palatine bone that extends vertically upward from the horizontal lamina; forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
• notch – the cleft between the medial and lateral laminae of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone into which the pyramidal process of the palatine bone is fitted
• sphenoid – wedge shaped bone, key bone in the cranium because it articulates with 8 other bones
• sinus – located posterior to the superior part of the nasal cavity, close to the pituitary
• body – main portion of the sphenoid, sphenoid sinuses are located inside the body
• foramen ovale – foramen in the middle cranial fossa, transmits V₃, and the accessory meningeal artery
• Hamulus of medial pterygoid plate – the tensor veli palatini wraps around this hook before inserting on the palatine aponeurosis
• conchae – Latin for shells, these elevations are on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
• superior – part of the ethmoid bone, conceals the superior meatus
• middle – part of the ethmoid bone, projects medially and inferiorly producing a passage called the middle meatus
• inferior – a separate bone, projects medially and inferiorly producing air passageways called the inferior meatus
• frontal – paired bones that fuse early in life, forms the forehead
• sinus – lined with mucosa, air-filled extension of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity, between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone posterior to the supercilliary arch, innervated by the supraorbital nerves
• frontonasal duct – passage from the frontal sinus to the infundibulum of the middle meatus
• nasal – paired bones, form the bridge of the nose
• ethmoid – light spongy bone located in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits
• cribriform plate – part of the ethmoid, has multiple holes that allow passage of the unmyelinated fibers of CN I
• perpendicular plate – forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
• bullae – rounded elevation formed by the middle ethmoidal cells, visible when the middle conchae is removed
• anterior, middles, posterior cells (sinuses) – air spaces in the lateral masses of the ethmoid
• orbital plate (lamina papyracea) – forms the medial wall of the orbit, very thin
• mandible – U-shaped bone that forms the skeleton of the lower jaw and inferior part of the face, largest and strongest facial bone
• ramus – the vertical oblong parts of the mandible on each lateral side
• coronoid process – the anterior process on the superior part of each rami
• mylohyoid line – a line that divides the internal surface of the mandible
• sublingual fossa – the portion of the body of the mandible superior to the mylohyoid line

• hard palate (bony palate) – the bony anterior portion of palate, consisting of portions of the palatine and maxilla bones
• sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) foramen – the communication between the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal cavity
• pterygopalatine fossa – small, elongated, pyramidal space inferior to the apex of the orbit
• foramen lacerum – a ragged foramen, filled with cartilage in life, the internal carotid artery passes thorough here
• meatus (es) – air passageways
• superior – concealed by the superior cochae, between the superior and middle conchae
• middle – between the mid. and inferior conchae, leads into the infundibulum which communicates with the frontal sinus
• inferior – horizontal passage inferolateral to the inferior conchae
• sphenoethmoidal recess – the space between the posterior ethmoidal cells and the sphenoid sinus
• nasolacrimal canal – transmits the nasolacrimal duct from the orbit to the inferior meatus of the nose
• nasolacrimal duct – opens in the anterior portion of the inferior meatus, empties used tears into the nasal cavity
• nasal septum – seperates the right and left nasal cavities, consists of three parts
• ethmoid perpendicular plate – the superior portion of the septum, descends from the cribriform plate of ethmoid
• vomer – a thin, flat bone that forms the posterioinferior part of the septum
• septal cartilage – the anteroinferior portion of the nasal septum
• choanae – the posterior nasal apetures, open into nasopharynx
• vestibule – the entrance to the nasal cavity, lined with skin and specialized hairs, not mucosa
• atrium – the area deep to the vestibule, anterior tot he choanae, lined with mucosa
• hiatus semilunaris – a semicircular groove inferior to the ethmoidal bullae, the frontal sinus opens into this bullae
• infundibulum – the funnel shaped opening in the middle meatus that leads into the frontal sinus via the frontonasal duct
• scaphoid fossa – a hollow on posterior surf. of the medial lamina of pterygoid process; origin to tensor muscle of soft palate

• soft palate – the mobile, fibromuscular, posterior 1/3^rd of the palate
• palatine glands – located deep to the mucosa of the hard palate, mucus secreting glands
• palatine tonsil – located between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
• crypt – a pit lined with epithelium in the lingual tonsil
• pharyngobasilar fascia – fibrous coat of pharyngeal wall situated between the mucous and muscular coats, attached above to the basilar part of the occipital bone and petrous part of the temporal bone
• palatoglossal arch – the more anterior of the pharyngeal arches, muscle of the same name runs under mucosa
• palatopharyngeal arch – posterior pharyngeal arch, muscle of the same name runs under mucosa
• lingual tonsil – in the posterior tongue, lymphoid nodules known collectively as lingual tonsils
• pharynx – the continuation of the digestive system from the oral cavity, common route for food and air
• longitudinal musculature: stylopharnygeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus muscles all elevate larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking
• pterygomandibular raphe –tendinous thickening of buccopharyngeal fascia, separating buccinator from superiorconstrictor
• auditory (eustachian) tube – joins the middle ear (tympanic cavity) with the nasopharnx
• mouth – the oral cavity minus the vestibule, the opening through which food passes to the oropharynx
• vestibule – the slit-like space between the lips and cheeks and the teeth and gingiva
• frenulum (upper and lower lips) – the raised folds of mucous membrane that attach the lips to the gingiva
• parotid duct orifice – Stenson’s duct (5 cm long) enters oral cavity opposite crown of 2^nd maxillary molar tooth
• oral cavity – bounded externally by lips and cheeks, roofed by the palate, communicating posteriorly with oropharynx
• sublingual region – the area under the tongue
• frenulum linguae – the fold of mucous membrane that attached the tongue to the gingiva
• orifice submandibular gland – can be seen on the small sublingual papilla beside the lingual frenulum
• plicae sublingualis – an elevation in the floor of mouth beneath tongue on either side; site of the sublingual gland
• submandibular duct – small sublingual papilla beside lingual frenulum where submandibular gland empties
• sublingual gland – smallest of the salivary glands, lies in the floor of the mandible, ducts open into the floor of the mouth
• submandibular gland – U-shaped gland, lies along the side of the mandible, empties via the submandibular duct

• Palatopharyngeus
• Origin: Hard palate
• Insertion: Lateral wall of pharynx
• Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus (Vagus)
• Action: Elevates soft palate
• Superior constrictor
• Origin: Pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe
• Insertion: Median raphe oh pharynx and pharyngeal tubercle
• Innervation: Pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus through pharyngeal plexus
• Action: Constricts wall of the pharynx during swallowing
• Styloglossus
• Origin: Styloid process and stylohyoid ligament
• Insertion: Inferolateral margins of tongue
• Innervation: CN XII
• Action: Retrudes and curls tongue
• Palatoglossus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: side of tongue
• Innervation: pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
• Action: Elevates posterior tongue
• Buccinator
• Origin: Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe
• Insertion: Orbicularis oris
• Innervation: CN VII
• Action: Compresses cheek (as in blowing) and causes cheeks to cave in (as in sucking)
• Levator veli palatini (leavator palati)
• Origin: cartilage of auditory tube
• Insertion: cartilage of auditory tube
• Innervation: pharyngeal branch of vagus (via pharyngeal plexus
• Action: elevates the palate during swallowing and yawning
• Tensor veli palatini (tensor palati)
• Origin: spine of sphenoid bone
• Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
• Innervation: medial pterygoid (branch of mandibular via the otic ganglion)
• Action: tenses the soft palate and opens auditory tube during swallowing and yawning
• Mentalis
• Origin: mandible
• Insertion: Skin of chin
• Innervation: CN VII
• Action: Elevates and protrudes lower lip and pouting
• Temporalis
• Origin: Floor of the temporal fossa and deep surface of temporal fascia
• Insertion: Tip and medial surface of coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
• Innervation: Deep temporal branches of mandibular nerve (CN V₃)
• Action: Elevates mandible, closes jaw, retrudes mandible after protrusion
• Masseter
• Origin: Inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
• Insertion: Lateral surface of ramus of mandible and its coronoid process
• Innervation: Mandibular nerve via masseteric nerve that enters its deep surface
• Action: Elevates and protrudes mandible, deep fibers retrude mandible
• Mylohyoid
• Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
• Insertion: Raphe and body of hyoid bone
• Innervation: Mylohyoid nerve, branch of inferior alveolar nerve
• Action: Elevates hyoid bone, flor of the mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
• Geniohyoid
• Origin: Inferior mental spne of mandible
• Insertion: Body of hyoid bone
• Innervation: C1 via hypoglossal (CN XII)
• Action: Pulls hyoid bone anterosuperiorly, shortens floor of mouth and widens pharynx
• Genioglossus
• Origin: Superior part of mental spine of mandible
• Insertion: Dorsum of the tongue and body of hyoid bone
• Innervation: CN XII
• Action: Depresses tongue, posterior portion protrudes tongue

Intrinsic tongue muscles – muscles in the tongue

Rules for the Names (rule 1 takes precedence over rule 2, rule 2 over rule 3)

Pharyngeal Plexus – the motor root is from CN XI (cranial root), derived from the Nucleus Ambiguosis

Ganglia of IX and X – both have superior and inferior

• Adults have (on each side) 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 bicuspids ("pre-molars") , and
• 3 molars (ages 6, 12, and 18)

• Ethmoidal bullae- prominence made by the middle ethmoid sinus, under the middle conchae.
• The posterior ethmoidal sinus and the sphenoid sinus drain into the sphenoethmoidal recess
• Tores tubaris – where the estuation tubes enter the nasopharynx
• Development
• During the 5^th week the nasal placodes invaginate to form nasal pits
• During the 6^th week the nasal pits deepen considerably, olfactory epithelium develops on the roof of the nasal pit
• Olfactory nerves (CN I) are microscopic
• The nasal mucosa that contains olfactory nerves = olfactory epithelium. The rest of the mucosa is respiratory epithelium